In the background, numerous protocols ensure that communication and data transmission work in computer networks. As the most prominent representative, the Internet Protocol plays a fundamental role. Without its’ various extensions and additions they would be nowhere near as versatile, as is the case in the current protocol. Thanks to the possibilities offered by ICMP protocol error messages and…
Those working with network technology are bound to encounter the ISO-OSI model sooner or later. This system subdivides communication between computer systems into seven different layers. Each of these layers is assigned a certain task. With the help of this layer model, subareas of abstract processes are able to be descriptively explained.
An exact system time on a computer is especially important when devices need to exchange data. Cross-system processes quickly come to a standstill if the generated time stamps are very different from the time that applies to the system. Synchronization methods that keep the clocks of the individual network participants in sync are utterly indispensable. One of the simplest methods to achieve time…
The communication protocol SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is an elementary component of many network management applications. It defines a number of message types that greatly simplify the monitoring and administration of individual network participants such as PCs, routers, servers, switches, firewalls, or printers. How exactly the SNMP protocol works and what fundamental adjustments…
What is server name identification, really? Encryption technologies play a big role when it comes to surfing on the net. Credit card data and other personal information must not fall into the hands of criminals. For now, TLS is one of the protocols used for this purpose. But it has a disadvantage: it only functions when each IP address only hosts one domain. If multiple virtual services are…
Out-dated technology can still be interesting. Even though the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol was introduced in 1984, and considered obsolete the following year due to the Bootstrap Protocol, it continued to be used long after. The RARP has not completely disappeared from network technology even today. As the Reverse ARP, this protocol is a counterpart to the Address Resolution Protocol. But…
It’s easy to lose track of all the different programs that are responsible for inbound and outbound data traffic.
Networks hosting a large number of computer systems that are constantly communicating with online services often require technical backup. High-performance tools check the activities of various applications or computers and can close existing security gaps. Using port scanners is one…
The NTLM protocol was a practical solution for Windows devices for a long time: A user just had to sign in once and then gain direct access to various network services. However, this authentication method is now considered unsafe and is no longer in use. How does NTLM work, and why do users now prefer to use Kerberos?
As a global computer network, the Internet provides the perfect foundation for gathering and distributing information. The World Wide Web, the most well-known Internet service, convincingly proves this fact. The older Usenet benefits from the Internet’s global network as well. In order to be able to transfer data, it relies on the unique NNTP, which is the focus of this article.
For computer systems to be able to communicate with each other and exchange information, they need common ground, just like humans must share a common language. But computers don’t rely on foreign language lessons, and instead only need the appropriate network protocol to successfully communicate. This provides guidelines and structures for the data transfer, and so plays a decisive role in the…
