What is a cash discount and how is it cal­cu­lat­ed?

Every en­tre­pre­neur is pleased when they see that their customers have paid the invoices made out to them. In order to provide an incentive for this, many service providers and dis­trib­u­tors offer a price reduction in the amount of a certain per­cent­age of the invoice total. This reduction is called a cash discount.

The situation involves an agreement between the seller and the buyer. The former allows the latter to subtract a specific sum from the agreed-upon invoice amount, as long as the invoice is paid by a specific deadline.

A cash discount can also be called an early payment discount or prompt payment discount. Although this article has already defined cash discounts above, un­der­stand­ing the concept involves un­der­stand­ing related terms, as well. Here are three terms you should know:

Thirty-day-long payment periods are common in the United States. In some ex­cep­tion­al cases, they can even be up to 60 or 90 days. However, in order to provide customers with a more at­trac­tive offer, some suppliers and service providers grant cash discounts. The average discount period is 10 days, and the average discount per­cent­age is around 2 percent.

There are also graduated discount per­cent­ages, in which the discount per­cent­age changes depending on the discount period. In brief, a cash discount is the price reduction that is granted when a customer pays their invoice within a limited time period.

The name, cash discount, may be somewhat confusing when it comes to the payment process. Though cash discounts are granted when the payments are made in cash, they are also granted when payments are made via credit transfer, as long as this happens within the discount period. This means that paying in cash is not required in order to receive a cash discount.

Those who have the op­por­tu­ni­ty to receive a cash discount should use it, because this strategy allows you to save money without any ad­di­tion­al ex­pen­di­tures. That being said, if you have a more tax-efficient means to use this cash, you should choose that option, instead.

A cash discount is always deducted from the gross amount of the invoice. This reduces the purchase price, which is a sig­nif­i­cant advantage for the paying business in the trans­ac­tion. The de­ductible prior tax is thus also reduced when the cash discount is sub­tract­ed.

The cash discount formula is as follows:

• Cash discount = gross amount x discount per­cent­age
• Payment amount = gross amount - cash discount

For example:

• Gross amount: $187
• Cash discount: 2% ($3.74)
• = Payment Amount: $183.26

The following example displays the origins of the cash discount example:

An agreement for a cash discount reads: “14 days, 2% discount per­cent­age, 30 days total” (also written as “2/14, Net 30”). This means that if the customer pays the invoice within the first 14 days after the date the invoice was created (in other words, within the discount period), the payment amount in question is reduced by 2%. The customer thus only has to pay 98% of it. If the customer does not make a payment until after the first 14 days are over, however, the customer would need to pay the full invoice amount.

As a further example, a customer receives an invoice of $100 from a business. There is a 9% sales tax, making the invoice total $109. If the customer pays the invoice within 7 days, the customer is granted a 2% cash discount. The customer pays the invoice 3 days after the invoice creation, so:

• 2% is deducted from the net amount: $100 - 2% (in other words, $2) = $98
• The sales tax is added once the cash discount is applied: $98 + 9% (in other words, $8.82) = $106.82

Instead of $109, the customer only needs to pay $106.82. For the paying business, this means that the entire cash discount advantage of the trans­ac­tion is a total of $2.

A sales price cal­cu­la­tion is crucial in order for a business to offer its products or services at a price that allows it to make a profit. This cal­cu­la­tion naturally has to take the cash discount into account, so that the minimum price limit can be chosen in a way that guar­an­tees the returns exceed the expenses. The most popular methods for cal­cu­lat­ing the list sales price that makes the required profit possible revolve around markup pricing. Important cal­cu­la­tions in relation to this are the markup per­cent­age cal­cu­la­tion, and the cost-plus pricing cal­cu­la­tion.

One form of sales price cal­cu­la­tion is the markup per­cent­age cal­cu­la­tion. The markup per­cent­age refers to the per­cent­age that is added to the original selling price, so that the business offering a cash discount still makes a profit if the cash discount is used by their customers. You can use the markup per­cent­age to arrive at the best sales price, but before you can determine the markup per­cent­age, you need to determine the gross profit margin. These cal­cu­la­tions will be shown in the following example.

Example: A luxury toy company sells hand­craft­ed music boxes for $100, though they only cost $75 to produce.

• Gross profit margin = sales price – unit cost

In this case, that would mean the gross profit margin = $25 ($100 - $75). This amount can then be used to determine the markup per­cent­age.

• Markup per­cent­age = gross profit margin / unit cost

The markup per­cent­age would then be 0.33% ($25 / $75). Though the sales price was already mentioned in the initial example de­scrip­tion, it’s included below to il­lus­trate how the sales price relates to the markup per­cent­age.

• Sales price = (cost x markup per­cent­age) + cost
• $100 = ($75 x 0.33%) + $75

For another visual rep­re­sen­ta­tion of this cal­cu­la­tion, see the following video. Please note that the video refers to the unit cost as the purchase price, though they’re the same concept for the purposes of the cal­cu­la­tion.

Once you un­der­stand the basic concept of markup per­cent­age cal­cu­la­tions, you can add the factor of cash discount cal­cu­la­tions quite easily. The cash discount affects the sales price, so it’s good to add this factor into all of your cal­cu­la­tions. For example, if the company offers a 2% discount, this would amount to $2 of the $100 total sales price. The sales price would then be $98 ($100 – $2), which would shift the gross profit margins and markup per­cent­ages somewhat.

• Gross profit margin = $98 – $75 = $23
• Markup per­cent­age = $23/$75 = 0.31%

Of course, it’s also important to keep in mind that this is a sim­pli­fied rendering of the markup per­cent­age cal­cu­la­tion. It does not take into account all of the indirect costs that could apply in a real-life scenario, and is instead meant as an overview.

An al­ter­na­tive to the markup per­cent­age cal­cu­la­tion is the cost-plus pricing cal­cu­la­tion. It’s char­ac­ter­ized by the inclusion of various costs related to the pro­duc­tion of a product: the direct material cost, direct labor cost, and overhead cost. The markup per­cent­age is then added to these costs, in order to arrive at the sales price. Before working out an example of this formula, it’s necessary to un­der­stand what its parts mean.

While the markup per­cent­age was described in the previous section, the other three parts have not yet been discussed. The direct material cost refers to the physical elements that go into creating the product, such as wood and paint on the case of the music box, and the mechanism inside it. The direct labor cost refers to the financial value given to the work it took to create the box, such as the wood­work­ing, painting, and creation and insertion of the music box. Finally, the overhead costs are derived from con­sid­er­ing the extra costs of the man­u­fac­tur­ing process, such as the cost of rent and utilities in the factory where the music boxes are made. Once you un­der­stand those costs, it’s time to put them together into the cost-plus formula:

• Sales price = (direct material costs + variable costs + direct labor costs + overhead costs) x (1 + markup per­cent­age)

• If the direct material costs are $45, the direct labor costs are $13, and the overhead costs are $18, while the markup per­cent­age remains 0.31% after the cash discount has been taken into account, then the sales price would be:

• Sales price = ($45 + $13 + $18) x (1+ 0.31%) = $99.56, rounded to $100

In the end, the markup per­cent­age cal­cu­la­tion and the cost-plus cal­cu­la­tion are simply two strate­gies for de­ter­min­ing which sales price would be best.

It’s common to mistake a cash discount for a trade discount. While a trade discount is sub­tract­ed from the list price, cal­cu­lat­ing the cash discount shouldn’t happen until the final invoice sum has been de­ter­mined. The cash discount is only sub­tract­ed from the payment amount if it’s made use of within the discount period, while a trade discount is not dependent on the payment deadline and is taken into account im­me­di­ate­ly.

Fur­ther­more, a trade discount depends on the quantity of goods purchased or amount of purchases made, while a cash discount is (as pre­vi­ous­ly described) based on the time period when the payment is made. Here is an example of a trade discount: A seller charges $0.95 per product for the purchase of 100 products, and only $0.89 per product for a purchase of 200 or more products. Cash discounts, on the other hand, are granted in­de­pen­dent­ly of the quantity of products purchased.

The following table shows a com­par­i­son between a cash discount:

A customer cash discount is being referred to when a business grants its customers a cash discount. This cash discount rep­re­sents a cost element for the business and thus needs to be taken into account when making a sales price cal­cu­la­tion.

When the supplier grants the business a cash discount, it’s a supplier cash discount example. This discount makes a reduction of the pur­chas­ing costs possible.

To determine whether making use of the cash discount is worth it, you should first calculate the effective interest rate of a supplier credit and compare it to the bank’s lending rates. The effective interest rate for a supplier credit is cal­cu­lat­ed with the following formula:

• Discount per­cent­age / (1 – discount per­cent­age) x [360 / (full allowed payment days - discount days)]
• Example: 2% cash discount when payment is made within 3 days, or net 30 days
• 2 / (1 – 2%) x [360 / (30 – 3)] = 27.19% effective interest rate for the supplier credit

If the cal­cu­lat­ed interest rate is greater than the bank’s lending rates, it’s advisable to take out a short-term loan from a bank in order to finance the uti­liza­tion of the cash discount.

Making use of the cash discount is ben­e­fi­cial, even if it often only saves a few dollars. The cash discount has several ad­van­tages for both customers and suppliers.

Advantage for the supplier

The fact that the invoice is paid more quickly by the customer, means that the supplier can address their payment oblig­a­tions more quickly, too. The supplier can also use cash discounts to offset possible cash shortages, by arranging a temporary increase of the cash discount. The losses caused by the temporary increase of the cash discount are neg­li­gi­ble compared to the costs that could arise from cash shortages.

Advantage for the customer

Cal­cu­lat­ed over the course of a year, making use of cash discounts can save a rel­a­tive­ly large amount of money. As the previous example shows, it’s sometimes even worth it to take out a loan from a bank in order to use a cash discount. As long as the effective interest rate for the supplier credit is greater than the interest rate for the bank’s loan, taking on a loan is more cost-efficient.

In some cases it can be quite advisable to take out a short-term loan in order to make use of the supplier’s cash discount – not only as a seller, but also as a private in­di­vid­ual. However, the situation should first be analyzed, as it’s possible that the bank’s interest rates are so high that taking out a loan is not worth it.

Example:

The invoice amount that needs to be paid totals $5,000. If the invoice is paid within the first 10 days after the invoice has been received, the customer can deduct a 2% cash discount.

Is it advisable to take out a loan in order to make use of the cash discount?

Profit from making use of the cash discount → $100 - $27.22 = $72.78

A bank loan is often cheaper than a supplier credit, although it’s always necessary to analyze the situation yourself in each case to be sure.

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