What is a Web App?

Apps are now a part of everyday life on smart­phones and tablets in our modern, digital world. But they’re not just available for mobile devices – apps also exist for desktop computers. These native apps are forms of ap­pli­ca­tion software made for a specific platform. Web apps, on the other hand, run on your web browser and function quite dif­fer­ent­ly to tra­di­tion­al native apps.

A web app (short for 'web ap­pli­ca­tion') is usually based on HTML, JavaScript, or CSS. Since they’re loaded by a web server and operated on your web browser, they don’t require in­stal­la­tion. But by using a bookmark, you can create a shortcut on your desktop computer or on the home screen of your mobile device to take you directly to the web app.

The spectrum of web apps is huge: some are little, handy tools to help fix small problems, others are web app versions of popular programs (like instant messaging services or office packages), some are graphics software, and others are browser games. Many programs and services take a two-pronged approach, offering two different versions of the same program - one which functions as a web app and another that comes as an in­stal­la­tion for a native app.

Even though many programs come with two, similar versions of their program, there are a number of dif­fer­ences between web apps and classic native apps. These dif­fer­ences are most promi­nent­ly in the pro­gram­ming and technical im­ple­men­ta­tion of the app.

Native apps are pro­grammed specif­i­cal­ly for their target platform and so must be installed on this platform too. This could be a mobile operating system like Android or iOS, but it could also be a desktop operating system like Windows. The app market is dominated by native ap­pli­ca­tions for mobile devices, known as native mobile apps (or simply mobile apps).

The main defining feature of a native app is that it’s been developed for a specific platform and so can only work on this platform. So an app developed for Android won’t work on the Apple operating system iOS, meaning it can’t be installed on an iPhone or an iPad. This platform de­pen­den­cy has its pros and cons: if de­vel­op­ers want to offer their app to users on several different operating systems, they have to create and program an app for each one – which means a con­sid­er­able extra effort compared to de­vel­op­ing a uni­ver­sal­ly com­pat­i­ble web app. But native apps can be optimized for their specific platform, leading to higher per­for­mance. They can also use their host device’s memory, unlike web apps that must rely on web browsers and servers. This makes native apps suitable for more complex ap­pli­ca­tions.

Web ap­pli­ca­tions can’t be as easily optimized for user devices, but they’re capable of running on all operating systems and devices that support the web app’s chosen web browser (usually all current browsers are supported). This means that in most cases, one single app is enough to offer the program to all platforms - though it’s not always possible to optimize the app for every different browser.

Another plus point lies in the improved safety and reduced risk of security failures. When found on native apps, these security flaws can only be repaired by updating the ap­pli­ca­tion via a download from the app store. But a security update for a web ap­pli­ca­tion can be im­ple­ment­ed into the software directly, meaning that all users have access to the most secure version au­to­mat­i­cal­ly. Web apps are also usually cheaper and quicker to produce, largely due to the fact that only one version ever needs to be developed.

Because of these dif­fer­ences, there’s no blanket answer for which app format is better. This depends entirely on the re­quire­ments and aims of the app developer. The table below offers a summary of the different prop­er­ties of web apps vs. native apps:

So, as we’ve explored, web ap­pli­ca­tions clearly differ from native apps. But how do they differ from actual websites? The dif­fer­ences here are sometimes subtle and hard to clarify, so this is best done by looking at some examples of famous web apps.

The most famous examples of web apps would probably be the diverse range of Google services, like Google Maps, Gmail, or even the search engine itself. Amazon’s extensive online presence (the famous online shop, but also services like Amazon Video or Amazon Music) would count, along with eBay (both the online auction portal and eBay Clas­si­fieds). Even this tiny col­lec­tion of examples can demon­strate just how narrow the boundary between a con­ven­tion­al website and a web ap­pli­ca­tion can be. But a clearer demon­stra­tion of the dif­fer­ence can be found through the example of Microsoft Office Online (formerly known as ‘Office Web Apps’). This web ap­pli­ca­tion offers users the option of using the programs included in the Microsoft Office packet (Word, Excel, Outlook, etc.) on their web browsers. This allows you to create, edit, and save different documents – exactly as you would on the desktop in­stal­la­tion of the office packet. This is similar to the recently launched ‘Google Docs’ web app, which offers a Google version of the classic text file creators and spread­sheets that can be shared with a number of users via the Google network and stored on the Google Drive.

Con­nec­tiv­i­ty is also a special feature at present: even cutting edge, modern web apps still need a con­nec­tion to the internet at first, so that they can cache data on the user’s device. Once this is done, web ap­pli­ca­tions which use HTML5 can then operate offline, giving users the same flex­i­bil­i­ty as many native apps. But this feature is still quite modern, so only a few web apps currently offer it.

The most concrete example of dif­fer­ences between web apps and tra­di­tion­al websites can be found in the func­tion­al­i­ty of these online services. Generally, web apps offer a mea­sur­able service of some de­scrip­tion – a tangible, in­ter­ac­tive service for customers to use however best suits their needs. For example, Google’s web ap­pli­ca­tions offer their users a search engine for looking up whatever they’d like, a web e-mail service to customize with their own account, a mapping service that allows them to enter the address they need to find, etc. In the same way, Amazon’s features like their online store and video-on-demand services also bear the hallmarks of a classic web app. 

Websites, on the other hand, usually have a more in­for­ma­tive character. They’re typically static - unlike web apps, which contain in­ter­ac­tive, action-ori­en­tat­ed elements for cus­tomiza­tion. These could be trans­ac­tions or requests, or the use of the web app software for specific purposes (office ap­pli­ca­tions, image editing, etc.). Because of their simple use across all platforms, their in­stal­la­tion-free function, their external data storage, and their in­ter­ac­tive elements, web apps look set to shape the future of internet-based web apps for years to come.