For a long time, Adobe Flash was everywhere on the internet. Website operators who wanted to provide their visitors with multimedia content such as videos, animation, or games couldn’t avoid the de facto standard, Flash. This has been despite security gaps, stability problems, performance defects, and complications on mobile devices. But the Flash-era is coming to an end. Even Adobe, the manufacturer, can see the writing on the wall. Since October 2014, the open web standard HTML5 with native multimedia elements offers an attractive alternative to the proprietary Adobe product. According to Apple and Mozilla, now even the internet giant Google has announced that it is turning away from the eternal problem child. And for good reason.
As a software platform for the production and display of interactive multimedia content, Adobe Flash changed the look of the internet. The technology, originally developed by Macromedia, enables the animation of text and image elements to deliver videos, games, and interactive applications through a web browser. Flash supports a bi-directional streaming of audio and video content — also in 3D since 2011 – and accepts user input via mouse, keyboard, microphone, and camera. Interactive Flash animation programming uses the object-oriented programming language ActionScript. A graphical approach is also offered by the Flash authoring environment Animate CC (formerly Flash Professional). For the creation of video games and applications for in-browser use, desktop computers, or mobile devices, Adobe developed the cross-platform runtime environment AIR (Adobe Integrated Runtime).
Flash-based projects are delivered in the proprietary file format Shockwave Flash (SWF). This contains the Flash animation in a compressed binary form. The specification of this format was released by Adobe as part of the Adobe Open Screen Project in 2008. But SWF doesn’t meet the criteria of an open standard.
On the user side, SWF files require the implementation of an application programming interface (API), which is integrated into the web browser in the form of a plugin. The most popular distribution was Adobe’s in-house Flash Player. In the early years of the 21st century, Flash dominated almost the entire net when it came to animated advertisements, interactive live tickers, menus, mini-games, or video players. This development was promoted using popular video portals — mainly YouTube, which used a Flash plugin for a long time.
Until 2010, the Adobe Flash Player was installed on almost all internet-capable computers, making it a popular target for malware developers. Time and time again, serious security gaps appeared that were closed, thankfully, more or less promptly by the manufacturer. This trend was sadly highlighted in 2015 when Adobe was forced to announce twice in a row that there were risky vulnerabilities with no existing patch. As a result, leading browsers advocated immediate deactivation of the plugin. But the decline of the Flash-era had already been clearly visible for eight years.
With the iPhone in 2007, Apple presented not only the first modern smartphone with touchscreen technology, it was also the first popular web-enabled device that refused to use the quasi-standard Flash. The company received vast amounts of ridicule and resentment from both developers and users for this move. Three years later, Steve Jobs followed up with a personal explanation of this decision. In his Essay “Thoughts on Flash", the Apple founder cited six arguments as to why Flash would not be supported on Apple’s mobile devices:
Instead of continuing to implement an outdated technology, Apple announced the alignment of the mobile operating system iOS with the Flash alternative HTML5.
Adobe, on the other hand, saw primarily business motives behind Apple’s decision but had to accept that the popularity of the Apple devices meant that things had changed. More and more website operators began offering mobile versions without Flash content and making videos and animations available in HTML5 format instead.
From the beginning, Flash was the standard format of the video portal YouTube. Users who wanted to watch clips as a stream in their web browser were forced to install a Flash plugin as well as regular updates. This changed in 2010 when the developers of YouTube decided to offer videos in HTML5 format instead. Since 2015, all YouTube content can be streamed via HTML5 without a Flash plugin. Today, the open web standard Adobe Flash has been completely replaced on the video portal.
The increasing rejection of the SWF format didn’t meet Adobe unprepared. Already in 2011, the company announced its intention to integrate HTML5 into its own products and services. They also announced the introduction of mobile Flash versions. At the end of 2015, it finally renamed Flash Professional to Adobe Animate CC. The completely overworked version of the animation software supports the native HTML5 Canvas element and the 3D graphical interface WebGL. Both formats are open web standards. The company now recommends that applications that create animated web content with Adobe products use HTML5 instead of Flash.
Despite its reorientation, Adobe promises to continue to ensure the security and compatibility of Flash content. In the field of online gaming, new open standards haven’t been fully developed yet. Vendors such as Facebook continue to work with the software so that Flash-based game content continues to run safely and reliably.
Like other browser manufacturers, Google also restricts Adobe Flash support. Since September 2015, the Flash plugin is disabled by default in Google browsers and Chrome users are required to actively confirm that they want to play the corresponding content. A clear sign that the unloved technology is most likely destined to soon disappear from the Google world.
In August 2016, Chrome developers announced that Flash content, which loads in the background of the browser, is blocked by default from version 53. The team cited security gaps as well as stability problems as its justification. According to the developers, 90% of all Flash content on the web is processed in the background without any added value for the user — primarily in the context of web analysis. This impairs load times.
In the foreseeable future, Flash will only play a minor role in Chrome. Already from Chrome version 55, which was released in December 2016, Google made clear that it would like to use HTML5 only. Flash content should be activated manually only if a website runs with it exclusively. As a market leader, Google could finally push Adobe Flash out of the internet for good.
The general shift from Flash to HTML5 has several causes. Two arguments stand in the foreground: HTML5 has the status of an open web standard and operates without additional plugins. While Flash is presented as a proprietary software under the control of Adobe, HTML5 is developed and documented openly and independently by an international panel. The web standard is therefore available to all software developers without restrictions or licensing conditions.
Multimedia content in HTML5 is integrated directly into the source code of a website via native audio and video elements as well as the drawing surface Canvas. An additional programming interface like Adobe Flash Player isn’t necessary. So HTML5 avoids a central security gap that hasn’t yet been reliably closed by Adobe: any additional plugin that needs to be installed in the web browser provides hackers with an attack surface. In addition, each platform needs its own plugin. Multimedia content embedded in a website via HTML5, on the other hand, can be displayed across platforms, since all well-known browsers are now able to interpret HTML5. Even if Adobe wants to continue supporting Flash, a significant advancement of the technology is unlikely. Instead, the service is likely to be restricted to providing security updates.
The new multimedia elements of the hypertext markup language aren’t the only thing sidelining Adobe’s proprietary software. Microsoft’s Flash alternative Silverlight, which is offered as a separate plugin for various browser models, must also be defeated. In the Edge web browser, which was introduced together with the Windows 10, Microsoft also runs without the plugin interface. Instead of Silverlight, HTML5 is primarily used to display multimedia content in the Edge browser. Flash content is still supported, as with Chrome but the player is no longer a plugin, rather it’s a module built into the software.
Website operators should also respond to this development and translate Flash content into HTML5-compatible formats.
Even today, access to Flash content is restricted to internet users who surf with Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. Considering the current developments, it’s foreseeable that animation in the SWF format will be completely blocked from popular browsers in the near future. This already applies to today’s mobile internet use. To make sure that visitors will continue to receive and be able to play all of the content of a website, website operators should convert all Flash-based animation to HTML5. The same goes for Flash-based ads that appear in ad networks like Google AdWords, BingAds or DoubleClick. In June 2015, Google already announced a switchover of all display ads to HTML5. The Flash to HTML5 converter Swiffy was available to Google customers until July 1, 2016. Anyone wishing to convert SWF files now, after the deadline has already passed, is referred by Google to the in-house software Google Web Designer or to Adobe’s Animate CC.
HTML5 is the new core language of the internet. But many web developers have opted out of this version and instead still use older markup languages like HTML 4.01 or XHTML. These often require plugins, reducing the site’s compatibility and security. HTML5, on the other hand, supports the direct integration of multimedia elements as well as JavaScript-based programming interfaces.
No web developer can manage without HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. As a result, the same elements tend to be repeated over and over again when programming, which can be both tedious and time-consuming. Web components help with this by providing encapsulated HTML tags and allowing them to be reused as often as needed.
Websites and apps are subject to constant change. New features and functions often promise a higher-value, securer or better-performing web project, which is why their implementation is often a mere formality. Many browsers, however, clearly lag behind when it comes to supporting cutting-edge web technologies – a problem that you can counteract with so-called polyfills.
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